Bibliography

Primary Sources

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Seraphim, A, M. Hein, and E. Maschke, eds. Preussisches Urkundenbuch. Vol. 2. 2 vols. Königsberg: Hartungische Verlagsbruderei, 1882.

 

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Bull, Marcus Graham. Knightly Piety and the Lay Response to the First Crusade: The Limousin and Gascony, C. 970-C. 1130. New York: Clarendon Press ; Oxford University Press, 1993.

Christiansen, Eric. The Northern Crusades. 2nd, new ed. NYC: Penguin, 1997.

Ehlers, Axel. “The Use of Indulgences by the Teutonic Order in the Middle Ages.” In The Military Orders, edited by Victor Mallia-Milanes, Vol. 3: History and Heritage. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2008.

Erdmann, Carl. The Origin of the Idea of Crusade. Translated by Walter A. Goffart and Marshall Baldwin. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1977.

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Fonnesberg-Schmidt, Iben. The Popes and the Baltic Crusades, 1147-1254. The Northern World, v. 26. Boston: Brill, 2007.

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Kala, Tiina. “The Incorporation of the Northern Baltic Lands into the Western Christian World.” In Crusade and Conversion on the Baltic Frontier, 1150-1500, edited by Alexander Murray, 3–20. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2001.

Mayer, H. E. The Crusades. Translated by John Gillingham. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.

Murray, Alan V., ed. The Clash of Cultures on the Medieval Baltic Frontier. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2009.

Murray, Alexander, ed. Crusade and Conversion on the Baltic Frontier, 1150-1500. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2001.

Paravicini, Werner. Die Preussenreisen des europäischen Adels. 2 vols. Beihefte der Francia. Sigmaringen: Thorbecke, 1989.

Riley-Smith, Jonathan. The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading. The Middle Ages Series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009.

Tamm, Marek. “A New World into Old Worlds: The Eastern Baltic Region and the Cultural Geography of Medieval Europe.” In The Clash of Cultures on the Medieval Baltic Frontier, edited by Alan V. Murray, 11–36. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2009.

by Patrick Meehan